Wind Turbine/en: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

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==Status==
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Wind Turbine<span style="font-size:small;">/en</span>}}
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[[File:Project-icon_vawt_wikithumb_h400px.png|388px]]
  
The '''wind turbine''' is in the research phase of product development, we are focusing on the '''[[TiVA]]'''-System right now.
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''VAWT'' ('''V'''ertical '''A'''xis '''W'''ind '''T'''urbine)<br/>aka ''TiVA'' ('''Ti'''ny '''V'''ertical '''A'''xis wind turbine)
[[File:Etemu.com_TiVA_l2_front_wip.jpg|720px|thumb|center|3D Model of a [[TiVA]] rotor, work in progress. Note the hollow wings, this is a hybrid lift/drag wing profile with a full load TSR<ref>Tip Speed Ratio</ref> of 0.85.]]
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{{Projektdaten
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|Projektname=Wind Turbine
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|Gesamtstatus=active
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|Code-Sprachanzeige=en
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|Kurzbeschreibung=Development of a (tiny) vertical axis wind turbine.
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|Stichwörter=wind turbine; tiny vertical axis wind turbine; TiVA; vertical axis wind turbine; VAWT
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|Sortierbegriffe=Strom; Windturbine;
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|Entwicklungsstufen=prototype development@en;
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|Kontakt=* [[Timm Wille]] [mailto:timm.wille@ose-germany.de <timm.wille@ose-germany.de>], [https://t.me/TimmW auf Telegram]
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|Urheber=* Alex Shure — lead designer, research and development, modeling, prototyping
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|Verfasser=* Mario Grunau — 3D modelling (Autodesk Inventor, Maxon Cinema 4D)
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* [[Achmed Touni]] — 3D modelling (FreeCAD, Blender3D), simulation (OpenFOAM, Ansys)
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* [[Nikolay Georgiev]] [mailto:nikolay@georgiev.cc <nikolay@georgiev.cc>] — communication and organization
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* [[Benjamin Rudtsch]] — [[Wilssen]], software development
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* [[Leon Rische]] — [[Wilssen]], software development
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* [[Timm Wille]]
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|Diskussion=* [https://forum.opensourceecology.de/viewforum.php?f=5 Forum]
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* [https://t.me/OSEGWelcome OSEG Welcome Group] on Telegram
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|Repositorien=
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|OKH Metadaten=
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|Lizenzen=[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de CC-BY-SA 4.0]
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|Vorschauklasse=testing
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|Vorschaubild=Datei:Thumb_tiva_big_frei_akzent.png
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|Vorschaukurztext=Windturbine
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}}
  
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
We are developing an open source wind turbine with an agile open collaboration.
 
  
[[TiVA]] and [[Germany/Wind_Turbine|wind turbine]] specifications started with a joint development venture between [http://www.etemu.com etemu.com] and [http://apollo.open-resource.org Apollo-NG]. All information is released open source and for free, for a better world and for the fun of open collaboration. (CC BY-SA-NC)
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All information is released open source and for free, for a better world and for the fun of open collaboration. (CC BY-SA-NC)
  
==[[TiVA]]==
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[[File:Etemu.com_TiVA_l2_front_wip.jpg|320px|thumb|left|3D Model of a [[TiVA]] rotor, work in progress. Note the hollow wings, this is a hybrid lift/drag wing profile with a full load TSR<ref>Tip Speed Ratio</ref> of 0.85.]]
Research and development is currently concentrated onto [[TiVA]], a tiny wind turbine prototyping platform. With this very small turbine, we can easily change parts, try out new ideas and increase the quality of the design on a small scale in a fast and inexpensive way. Please have a look at the [[TiVA]] page for further information.
 
  
==Team==
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==[[TiVA]]—Tiny Vertical Axis Wind Turbine==
[[File:DSC08567_edit_tiva_session.jpg|512px|thumb|right|3D modelling session for [[TiVA]] with [[Alex Shure]] and Mario.]]
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Research and development is currently concentrated onto [[TiVA]], a tiny wind turbine prototyping platform. With this very small turbine, we can easily change parts, try out new ideas and increase the performance on a small scale in a fast and inexpensive way. Please have a look at the [[TiVA]] page for further information.
If you want to participate, just get in touch at our [[Germany/Communication#Google_Group|Google Group]].
 
  
* [[Alex Shure]] – lead designer, research and development, modeling, prototyping
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[[File:Wilssen_core_v0.203a.brd_detail.png|512px|thumb|right|Detail of the PCB layout of the [[Wilssen]] core module. You can see the constant current sources on the left for the high brightness RGB LED. v203a (WIP)]]
* Mario - 3D modelling (Autodesk Inventor, Maxon Cinema 4D)
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===Development of ''[[Wilssen]]''===
* Achmed - 3D modelling (FreeCAD, Blender3D), simulation (OpenFOAM, Ansys)
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The '''''Wi'''reless'' / '''''Wi'''nd '''L'''ogging '''S'''ystem'' for '''''S'''ourcing '''EN'''ergy'' - Controller is monitoring and controlling all parameters. ''Wilssen'' is the brain of the wind turbines (+[[TiVA]]s!) and checks all the voltages at any time the wind turbine is generating power.
* [[chrono]] (currently not available)
 
* [[Nikolay Georgiev]] - communication and organization
 
 
 
==Open Tasks==
 
You can help us with ''any'' improvement on the project or with the following specific tasks:
 
===Development of ''Wilssen''===
 
The '''''Wi'''reless'' / '''''Wi'''nd '''L'''ogging '''S'''ystem'' for '''''S'''ourcing '''EN'''ergy'' - Controller is monitoring and controlling all parameters. ''Wilssen'' is the brain of the wind turbines (+[[TiVA]]s!) and checks all the voltages at any time the wind turbine is generating power.  
 
 
 
Scope:
 
*Platform AVR (Arduino) or MSP430 Value Line or another low-priced alternative (chipKIT?)
 
*Language C / Assembler, source code will be licensed under CC-BY-SA in our git repository.
 
 
 
Hardware:
 
*Development environment either Arduino (32kb Flash, 8bit MCU) or Texas Instruments MSP430 Value Line LaunchPad (16bit MCU). Wilssen consists of one or more microcontrollers and digital and analog electronic components, which can be populated if needed
 
*Energy monitoring with Shunt+OpAmp or ICs an ADC/SPI of more phases (cost report)
 
*Voltage monitoring of all phases (True RMS, option for galvanic isolation)
 
*Option for Waveform Sampling
 
*NRF24L01+ 2.4Ghz radio communication (best with Mesh Network)
 
*Logging on MicroSD
 
*RGB LED PWM control
 
*Charging logic limited to 4 NiMH cells / 1 gel battery (best with Delta-Peak disconnection)
 
  
 
===Others===
 
===Others===
  
 
* Design a mold for casting the alternator's stator
 
* Design a mold for casting the alternator's stator
* 3D Models and Simulation (Achmed and Mario are working on it)
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* 3D Models and Simulation
 
* Calculations for the forces at the bearing points and the mounting point
 
* Calculations for the forces at the bearing points and the mounting point
 
* LED drivers, controllable constant current sources for the high power LEDs
 
* LED drivers, controllable constant current sources for the high power LEDs
* (many more soon to come)
 
 
We still need the following materials for our first prototypes:
 
 
* Round sheets of metal for the alternators
 
* Plywood (Multiplex)
 
* Tools for the lathe, boring bar, inserts..
 
* Aluminium sheets for the wings
 
* Polyester or epoxy resin and hardener + filler
 
* Paint which can be sprayed, should be a sealing one for outdoors
 
* Cases for the electronics, IP66<
 
* Neodymium magnets, preferably 15x5mm<
 
* Enameled copper wire aka. magnet wire, with a diameter of 0.4 - 1.0mm
 
* Electric planer
 
* Aluminium or stainless steel tubes, e.g. 12x8mm for [[TiVA]]
 
  
Please get in touch with [[Alex Shure]] if you want to donate any material or machine which could come in handy for us.
 
  
 
==Roadmap / Log==
 
==Roadmap / Log==
  
 
[[File:TiVA_2_1_lenz2_sim_safety_extreme.png|512px|thumb|right|Safety factor at an extreme gust of wind for a Lenz2 wing coupled to a rotor base with an aluminum arm. WIP<ref>work in progress</ref>]]
 
[[File:TiVA_2_1_lenz2_sim_safety_extreme.png|512px|thumb|right|Safety factor at an extreme gust of wind for a Lenz2 wing coupled to a rotor base with an aluminum arm. WIP<ref>work in progress</ref>]]
 
* 20120211 [[Alex Shure]] Start of "Open Agile SCRUM GVCS machine development" mailing list, [[Nikolay Georgiev]] sent an E-Mail to some OSE:E members - We begin to discuss the OSE:E project of constructing a wind turbine
 
* 20120222 [[Alex Shure]] First online meeting on the OSE:E project "develop a wind turbine" in mumble
 
* 20120311 [[Alex Shure]] I had a 6 hour meeting with a German wind turbine technician who works in QS where we discussed various aspects, advantages and disadvantages of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines.
 
* 20120324 [[Alex Shure]] Had an online conference in mumble and spoke with [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Chrono Chrono], founder of the [[Apollo-NG]][https://apollo.open-resource.org] project. Chrono has experience in electronics, especially in integrated low power switching power supplies and mobile energy supplies. He is transforming a van into a mobile hackerspace, powered by renewable energy, totally off the grid.
 
* 20120325 [[Alex Shure]] Phone conference with Detlef Schmitz from the solar car team Heliodet; Detlef offered to build one small wind turbine prototype. He has contacts also with engineers and technicians form the solar car project, especially students from the FH/uni in Bochum.
 
* 20120326 [[Alex Shure]] Added the EVA wind turbine design. We could develop a VAWT which can be optionally equipped with the EVAwt features. The biggest disadvantage is the design issue with the top cover plate: with the EVAwt design, I can't think of an easy way to span the cables from the top for now.
 
* 20120327 [[Alex Shure]] [[chrono]] added a pad on Apollo for collaboration
 
* 20120328 [[Alex Shure]] Calculations
 
* 20120329 [[Alex Shure]] contacted Bernd from http://www.daswindrad.de
 
* 20120330 [[Alex Shure]] Added the [[TiVA]] page to the wiki and further designed the concept in the etherpad..
 
* 20120331 [[Alex Shure]] [[chrono]] moved the content from the pad at Apollo-NG into the dokuwiki at Apollo-NG. I split the [[TiVA]] parts and copied them to a wiki page here at [[OSE]]
 
* 20120404 [[Alex Shure]] Researched about copper losses in the enameled copper wire windings, let's use 0.45 - 1 mm wire.
 
* 20120405 [[Alex Shure]] I updated the TiVA wiki entry at OSE with a full BOM for a very first prototype, including sheet material for the negative form, painting and so on.  Also got Mario on board, who has experience in 3D modeling.
 
* 20120406 [[Alex Shure]] Meeting with Mario, 3D modelling session in Autodesk Inventor.
 
* 20120407 [[Alex Shure]] Met M. Klein, CEO of Wezek GmbH (engineering,  automation) and spoke about waterproof cases for the electronics.
 
* 20120408 [[Alex Shure]] Specification for [[TiVA]]'s alternator outlined. Diameter reduced to less than 200 mm, 1 phase alternator design is preferred due to less costs and the low power demand.
 
* 20120409 [[Alex Shure]] Finished the calculations of [[TiVA]]'s alternator. 16 round magnets, 16 coil segments, switchable from 8s1p up to 1s8p, calculated efficiency after rectification is above 90% for low loads.
 
* 20120410 [[Alex Shure]] We should stick to symmetric wing profiles if we go for a Darrieus style lift rotor, because those would be the easiest to fabricate. Researching on some NACA profiles now. Wings of the V-Rotor should incorporate a metal strip sandwiched between the two halves of the wing for the easiest and most rigid wing fixation method.
 
* 20120412 [[Alex Shure]] Fabricated three wings for [[TiVA]] out of solid wood (spruce)
 
* 20120413 [[Alex Shure]] Full day working session in the shop for [[TiVA]], made a hub, cut plywood, laminated the base, machined bearing seats on the lathe ...
 
* 20120414 [[Alex Shure]] Glued the cut plywood together, trimmed the edges, made another pass on the lathe after the lamination, to make sure everything is perfectly balanced.
 
* 20120415 [[Alex Shure]] Press-fit the bearings into the hub, tested the starting torque of the assembled hub with the bearings in place: not measurable with a 0.1 N scale -> good! Bought a stand air ventilator for testing purposes.
 
* 20120416 [[Alex Shure]] Ordered parts for the electronics + mechanics: Bearings (DIN 6003), Schottky diodes, M6 - M12 V2A stainless steel bolts and nuts, ...
 
* 20120417 [[Alex Shure]] Bought 5 kg of 0,45 mm diameter enameled copper wire (aka. magnet wire) for about 100,00 EUR. '''Does anybody have a cheap source for copper wire and magnets?
 
'''
 
* 20120422 [[Alex Shure]] Tested NACA0018 profiles at various angles: NACA0018 profiles aren't self starting at low angles. Aiming for a Lenz2 profile now.
 
* 20120426 [[Alex Shure]] Designed the alternator rotor assembly, sketched the model in SketchUp.
 
* 20120429 [[Alex Shure]] Ordered passive and active electronic parts.
 
* 20120507 [[Alex Shure]] Rotor assembly just got reconstructed: one less part which is turned on the lathe + implemented the alternator stacking feature.
 
* 20120508 [[Alex Shure]] Achmed is working on a FreeCAD model and will then make a mesh for OpenFOAM, an open source CFD software package.
 
* 20120510 [[Alex Shure]] Meeting with Mario, instructed him about the 3D model. We also agreed on leaving the NACA lift-only profiles for TiVA behind, as the Reynolds number is just too high for these small dimensions.
 
* 20120512 [[Alex Shure]] 3D modelling session with Mario, finished [[TiVA]]'s rotor base and began with the Lenz2 lift/drag hybrid wing profile.
 
  
 
==General design outlines==
 
==General design outlines==
Zeile 110: Zeile 63:
 
=====Assembly height=====
 
=====Assembly height=====
  
The complete assembly of rotor and mast should not be higher than 10 m. If regional communities permit higher masts, the maximum height must not exceed 20 m, to avoid national and ICAO air traffic security issues and legal obligations to carry warning lights and report about their functionality.
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The complete assembly of rotor and mast should not be higher than 10{{nnbsp}}m. If regional communities permit higher masts, the maximum height must not exceed 20{{nnbsp}}m, to avoid national and ICAO air traffic security issues and legal obligations to carry warning lights and report about their functionality.
 +
There are various restrictions in Germany present which depend on the size and location of a wind turbine:
 +
<blockquote>Verfahrensfrei sind Windenergieanlagen bis zu einer Höhe von 10{{nnbsp}}m<ref>Nummer&nbsp;22 des Anhangs zu Paragraph&nbsp;50 Abs.&nbsp;1 LBO</ref>. In Mischgebieten<ref>Mischgebiet bedeutet gleichwertige Wohn- und Gewerbenutzung</ref> darf nachts ein Lärmrichtwert von 45{{nnbsp}}dB(A) nicht überschritten werden<ref>Auszug Windfibel Baden-Württemberg</ref>. Zu den Genehmigungsverfahren sei gesagt, dass die Landesbauordnung der jeweiligen Bundesländer&nbsp;/ Kommunen unterschiedlich ist, also sollte man beim Bauamt nachfragen.</blockquote>
  
 
=====Size=====
 
=====Size=====
  
We won't start with a turbine greater than 4 m² due to restrictions in Europe pointed out by Detlef Schmitz. A wind surface of 4 m² equals a 2 m diameter rotor with a height of 2 m.
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We won’t start with a turbine greater than 4{{nnbsp}}m² due to restrictions in Europe pointed out by Detlef Schmitz. A wind surface of 4{{nnbsp}}m² equals a 2{{nnbsp}}m diameter rotor with a height of 2{{nnbsp}}m.
Hint: In every wind condition, a 1 m diameter VAWT with a height of 4 m (4m²) is more efficient than a 2 m x 2 m (4 m²) VAWT due to the higher rpm and better aerodynamic figures. Industrial VAWTs aim for a large height, not for a large diameter.
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Hint: In every wind condition, a 1{{nnbsp}}m diameter VAWT with a height of 4{{nnbsp}}m (4{{nnbsp}}m²) is more efficient than a 2{{nnbsp}}m × 2{{nnbsp}}m (4{{nnbsp}}m²) VAWT due to the higher rpm and better aerodynamic figures. Industrial VAWTs aim for a large height, not for a large diameter.
  
  
Zeile 121: Zeile 76:
  
  
We want to design a rather small VAWT, resulting in the following advantages:
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We want to design a rather small VAWT with [[TiVA]], resulting in the following advantages:
  
* + DIY! People should be able to build them! -> KISS principle
+
{| class="booktable sortable"
* + less moving parts
+
! +{{nnbsp}}/{{nnbsp}}–
* + does not necessarily have to be elevated, can stand on the ground
+
! Comment
* + collects wind from every direction: no need for a directional control (+less mechanics, electronics)
+
|-
* + has a smaller footprint
+
| + || DIY! People should be able to build them! → [[wikipedia:KISS_principle|KISS principle]]
* + easier to design
+
|-
* + way more easy to build
+
| + || less moving parts
* + does not need a variable pitch control for high wind speed/ high power designs
+
|-
* + uses cheaper materials, less bearings and axles, less machining operations
+
| + || does not necessarily have to be elevated, can stand on the ground
* + maintenance is easier, as the generator is on the ground, no need for a lift or a breakdown of the turbine head
+
|-
* + a modular design is possible in a certain range (e.g. building it higher/longer in any direction)
+
| + || collects wind from every direction: no need for a directional control (+less mechanics, electronics)
* + does not necessarily need moldings or 3D shapes like sophisticated VAWT turbine blades
+
|-
 
+
| + || has a smaller footprint
* - lower rpm at the same rotor diameter, at the same wind surface area due to the partly reversed draft of the wings but:
+
|-
* + can have a small diameter but a rather large height, thus more torque ''and'' more rpm
+
| + || easier to design
 +
|-
 +
| + || way more easy to build
 +
|-
 +
| + || does not need a variable pitch control for high wind speed/ high power designs
 +
|-
 +
| + || uses cheaper materials, less bearings and axles, less machining operations
 +
|-
 +
| + || maintenance is easier, as the generator is on the ground, no need for a lift or a breakdown of the turbine head
 +
|-
 +
| + || a modular design is possible in a certain range (e.g. building it higher/longer in any direction)
 +
|-
 +
| + || does not necessarily need moldings or 3D shapes like sophisticated VAWT turbine blades
 +
|-
 +
| – || lower rpm at the same rotor diameter, at the same wind surface area due to the partly reversed draft of the wings but:
 +
|-
 +
| + || can have a small diameter but a rather large height, thus more torque ''and'' more rpm
 +
|}
  
 
Main disadvantage against a horizontal axis wind turbine:
 
Main disadvantage against a horizontal axis wind turbine:
 
+
<div class="definition-inline">
* - less power output compared to a sophisticated HAWT design if wind direction does not change often and turbulence is low
+
; – : less power output compared to a sophisticated HAWT design if wind direction does not change often and turbulence is low
 
+
</div>
  
 
The small form factor alone yields the following advantages next to being diy-friendly:
 
The small form factor alone yields the following advantages next to being diy-friendly:
 
+
{| class="booktable sortable"
* + easier maintenance
+
! +{{nnbsp}}/{{nnbsp}}–
* + mobility, less weight
+
! Comment
* + smaller impact on the environment/nature
+
|-
* + lower system voltage and lower currents, less risky to operate
+
| + || easier maintenance
* + a smaller power rating results in a less complicated generator and inverter design
+
|-
* + batteries can be charged quick&dirty with a simple charging circuit from a small wind turbine, which would not be possible with a high power wind turbine
+
| + || mobility, less weight
 +
|-
 +
| + || smaller impact on the environment/nature
 +
|-
 +
| + || lower system voltage and lower currents, less risky to operate
 +
|-
 +
| + || a smaller power rating results in a less complicated generator and inverter design
 +
|-
 +
| + || batteries can be charged quick&nbsp;& dirty with a simple charging circuit from a small wind turbine, which would not be possible with a high power wind turbine
 +
|}
  
 
Specialties about distributed energy sourcing with small wind turbines:
 
Specialties about distributed energy sourcing with small wind turbines:
 +
{| class="booktable sortable"
 +
! +{{nnbsp}}/{{nnbsp}}–
 +
! Comment
 +
|-
 +
|  || (tbd) Multiple smaller wind turbines may have more physical weight per sourced energy (kg/kW) versus one large one.
 +
|-
 +
| – || requires an additional electrical infrastructure between multiple smaller wind turbines versus one large one → more cables and balancing (electronics)
 +
|-
 +
| + || the grid can be laid out in such a way, that the turbines can be placed where the energy is needed the most, resulting in smaller run lengths of power cables and less power losses.
 +
|-
 +
| + || the small turbines can easily be moved to an area with a higher wind speed. This is interesting when it comes to structural or seasonal changes of the wind, e.g. when the trees grow leaves and form a barrier which decreases the ground wind speed or they form an alley/a tunnel which increases the wind speed, one may move the wind turbine to gain from the new environment.
 +
|}
  
* (tbd) Multiple smaller wind turbines may have more physical weight per sourced energy (kg/kW) versus one large one.
+
Simply said, it is more flexible to use many small turbines versus one large one. If a larger energy source is required, we connect multiple wind turbines in a local grid distributed energy sourcing, a 'wind farm' consisting of VAWTs:
* - requires an additional electrical infrastructure between multiple smaller wind turbines versus one large one -> more cables and balancing (electronics)
 
* + the grid can be laid out in such a way, that the turbines can be placed where the energy is needed the most, resulting in smaller run lengths of power cables and less power losses.
 
* + the small turbines can easily be moved to an area with a higher wind speed. This is interesting when it comes to structural or seasonal changes of the wind, e.g. when the trees grow leaves and form a barrier which decreases the ground wind speed or they form an alley/a tunnel which increases the wind speed, one may move the wind turbine to gain from the new environment.
 
 
 
 
 
Simply said, it is more flexible to use many small turbines versus one large one. If a larger energy source is required, we connect multiple wind turbines in a local grid -> distributed energy sourcing, a 'wind farm' consisting of VAWTs:
 
  
 
[[File:flowe.jpg|thumb|alt=A VAWT testing space|The ''Caltech Field Laboratory for Optimized Wind Energy'' where arrays of closely spaced ''vertical axis wind turbines'' were tested.]]
 
[[File:flowe.jpg|thumb|alt=A VAWT testing space|The ''Caltech Field Laboratory for Optimized Wind Energy'' where arrays of closely spaced ''vertical axis wind turbines'' were tested.]]
 
<blockquote>Dabiri carried out field tests in the summer of 2010 at an experimental farm known as the Field Laboratory for Optimized Wind Energy (FLOWE), which houses 24 10-meter-tall, 1.2-meter-wide VAWTs. In the field tests, which used six VAWTs, Dabiri and his colleagues measured the rotational speed and power generated by each of the turbines when placed in a number of different configurations. One turbine was kept in a fixed position for every configuration, while the others were on portable footings that allowed them to be shifted around.
 
<blockquote>Dabiri carried out field tests in the summer of 2010 at an experimental farm known as the Field Laboratory for Optimized Wind Energy (FLOWE), which houses 24 10-meter-tall, 1.2-meter-wide VAWTs. In the field tests, which used six VAWTs, Dabiri and his colleagues measured the rotational speed and power generated by each of the turbines when placed in a number of different configurations. One turbine was kept in a fixed position for every configuration, while the others were on portable footings that allowed them to be shifted around.
 
They found that the aerodynamic interference between neighboring turbines was completely eliminated when all the turbines in an array were spaced four turbine diameters (roughly five meters or 16 feet) apart. In comparison, propeller-style HAWTs would need to be spaced 20 rotor diameters apart - which equates to a distance of more than one mile for the largest wind turbines currently in use - for the aerodynamic interference to be eliminated.
 
They found that the aerodynamic interference between neighboring turbines was completely eliminated when all the turbines in an array were spaced four turbine diameters (roughly five meters or 16 feet) apart. In comparison, propeller-style HAWTs would need to be spaced 20 rotor diameters apart - which equates to a distance of more than one mile for the largest wind turbines currently in use - for the aerodynamic interference to be eliminated.
The six VAWTs generated from 21 to 47 watts of power per square meter of land area, while a comparably sized HAWT farm generates just two to three watts per square meter.<ref>http://www.gizmag.com/optimizing-wind-turbine-placement/19217/</ref></blockquote>
+
The six VAWTs generated from 21 to 47 watts of power per square meter of land area, while a comparably sized HAWT farm generates just two to three watts per square meter. See [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XthnaliaS88&t=1m2s video] and reference. <ref>http://www.gizmag.com/optimizing-wind-turbine-placement/19217/</ref></blockquote>
  
 
==How does the wind turbine generate energy?==
 
==How does the wind turbine generate energy?==
Zeile 172: Zeile 159:
 
The energy is in the wind due to it's speed/local pressure differences. A wind turbine ''converts'' kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. The VAWT yields energy as kinetic energy from the wind is absorbed by rotating wings. Wind is made up of moving air molecules which have mass - though not a lot. Any moving object with mass carries kinetic energy in an amount which is given by the equation<ref>http://www.reuk.co.uk/Calculation-of-Wind-Power.htm</ref>:
 
The energy is in the wind due to it's speed/local pressure differences. A wind turbine ''converts'' kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. The VAWT yields energy as kinetic energy from the wind is absorbed by rotating wings. Wind is made up of moving air molecules which have mass - though not a lot. Any moving object with mass carries kinetic energy in an amount which is given by the equation<ref>http://www.reuk.co.uk/Calculation-of-Wind-Power.htm</ref>:
  
:Kinetic Energy = 0.5 x Mass x Velocity²
+
:Kinetic Energy = 0.5 × Mass × Velocity²
  
 
where the mass is measured in kg, the velocity in m/s, and the energy is given in joules.
 
where the mass is measured in kg, the velocity in m/s, and the energy is given in joules.
  
Air has a known density (around 1.23 kg/m³ at sea level), so the mass of air hitting our wind turbine (which sweeps a known area) each second is given by the following equation:
+
Air has a known density (around 1.23{{nnbsp}}kg/m³ at sea level), so the mass of air hitting our wind turbine (which sweeps a known area) each second is given by the following equation:
  
:Mass/sec (kg/s) = Velocity (m/s) x Area (m²) x Density (kg/m³)
+
:Mass/sec (kg/s) = Velocity (m/s) × Area (m²) × Density (kg/m³)
  
 
And therefore, the power (i.e. energy per second) in the wind hitting a wind turbine with a certain swept area is given by simply inserting the mass per second calculation into the standard kinetic energy equation given above resulting in the following vital equation:
 
And therefore, the power (i.e. energy per second) in the wind hitting a wind turbine with a certain swept area is given by simply inserting the mass per second calculation into the standard kinetic energy equation given above resulting in the following vital equation:
  
:Power = 0.5 x Swept Area x Air Density x Velocity³
+
:Power = 0.5 × Swept Area × Air Density × Velocity³
  
 
where Power is given in Watts (i.e. joules/second), the swept area in square meters, the Air density in kilograms per cubic meter, and the Velocity in meters per second.
 
where Power is given in Watts (i.e. joules/second), the swept area in square meters, the Air density in kilograms per cubic meter, and the Velocity in meters per second.
Zeile 189: Zeile 176:
 
{{Wide image-noborder|ETEMUcom_EVAwt6_iso.jpg|1280px|3=A sketched 3D ISO view of a simplified VAWT wind energy diagram. Full size view recommended. Note: Pictured is a drag-only rotor, but our intention is to design a lift-rotor, as it has a higher tip speed ratio and revolves faster.|4=99%|alt=A sketched 3D ISO view of a simplified VAWT wind energy diagram. Full size view recommended. Note: Pictured is a drag-only rotor, but our intention is to design a lift-rotor, as it has a higher tip speed ratio and revolves faster.}}
 
{{Wide image-noborder|ETEMUcom_EVAwt6_iso.jpg|1280px|3=A sketched 3D ISO view of a simplified VAWT wind energy diagram. Full size view recommended. Note: Pictured is a drag-only rotor, but our intention is to design a lift-rotor, as it has a higher tip speed ratio and revolves faster.|4=99%|alt=A sketched 3D ISO view of a simplified VAWT wind energy diagram. Full size view recommended. Note: Pictured is a drag-only rotor, but our intention is to design a lift-rotor, as it has a higher tip speed ratio and revolves faster.}}
  
A lift-type VAWT generates lift at almost the full 360 degree rotation, as long as you have a TSR<ref>Tip Speed Ratio</ref> >> 1, i.e when the blades are moving faster than the wind is moving. This lift principle is why airplanes fly.
+
A lift-type VAWT generates lift at almost the full 360 degree rotation, as long as you have a TSR<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip-speed_ratio</ref> >> 1 (TSR=Tip Speed Ratio), i.e when the blades are moving faster than the wind is moving. This lift principle is why airplanes fly.
Depending on the operating speed and wind speed, the blades will actually be in stall for differing segments of the rotation, and hence not much lift, or at least a minimal amount compared to the drag, which slows the turbine down to a TSR < 1. This occurs when the angle of attack (for a static blade!) is at a certain point, let's say about 15 degrees. The following video shows aerodynamic stall, investigated on a 2D wing profile through air velocity, pressure, and turbulence intensity.
+
Depending on the operating speed and wind speed, the blades will actually be in stall for differing segments of the rotation, and hence not much lift, or at least a minimal amount compared to the drag, which slows the turbine down to a TSR&nbsp;< 1. This occurs when the angle of attack (for a static blade!) is at a certain point, let's say about 15 degrees. The following video shows aerodynamic stall, investigated on a 2D wing profile through air velocity, pressure, and turbulence intensity.
  
 
http://youtu.be/Ti5zUD08w5s
 
http://youtu.be/Ti5zUD08w5s
Zeile 203: Zeile 190:
 
The '''''E'''nhanced '''V'''ertical '''A'''xis Wind Turbine'' idea incorporates an intake manifold at the front which is always facing the direction where the strongest wind is coming from. The main disadvantage of the VAWT against a HAWT is reduced: There is no attacking wind which will work against the natural, clockwise rotation of the VAWT. This may result in an increased overall efficiency.
 
The '''''E'''nhanced '''V'''ertical '''A'''xis Wind Turbine'' idea incorporates an intake manifold at the front which is always facing the direction where the strongest wind is coming from. The main disadvantage of the VAWT against a HAWT is reduced: There is no attacking wind which will work against the natural, clockwise rotation of the VAWT. This may result in an increased overall efficiency.
  
* + No wind is working 'against' the turbine, contrary to a standard VAWT, where half of the turbine is exposed to wind which flows into the 'wrong' direction
+
{| class="booktable sortable"
* + The wind speed right at the turbine intake is increased <ref>The deflection at the front adds up two "surfaces" of wind. However, the resulting wind speed won't change drastically.</ref>
+
! +{{nnbsp}}/{{nnbsp}}–
* + (tbd) less oscillating forces, the wind flow is about unidirectional at the turbine: less vibrations and less wear at the rotating parts, more static and less dynamic thrust at the bearings, less torque ripple and cyclical stress.
+
! Comment
* - More material is used for the construction of an '''''EVA''' wt'': two bearings, arms and static wings. However, these additional parts are not difficult to manufacture, as the surfaces are all plane.
+
|-
 +
| + || No wind is working 'against' the turbine, contrary to a standard VAWT, where half of the turbine is exposed to wind which flows into the 'wrong' direction
 +
|-
 +
| + || The wind speed right at the turbine intake is increased <ref>The deflection at the front adds up two "surfaces" of wind. However, the resulting wind speed won't change drastically.</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| + || (tbd) less oscillating forces, the wind flow is about unidirectional at the turbine: less vibrations and less wear at the rotating parts, more static and less dynamic thrust at the bearings, less torque ripple and cyclical stress.
 +
|-
 +
| – || More material is used for the construction of an '''''EVA''' wt'': two bearings, arms and static wings. However, these additional parts are not difficult to manufacture, as the surfaces are all plane.
 +
|}
  
Who can help with FEA + fluid dynamics and simulate the wind flow at various EVA wind turbine designs? We want to investigate what wing form the intake should have and at which angle it should be mounted. Also:
+
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200" >
Does it increase the efficiency if there's another, longer planar surface at the right of the intake parallel to the wind direction (The position where only a short, structural surface is shown in the sketches)
+
File:ETEMUcom_EVAwt7_top_detailed_diagramm.jpg|Normal airflow in a VAWT at the maximum torque moment. Note the non-uniform airflow with varying surfaces as the turbine blades advance.
 
+
File:ETEMUcom_EVAwt8_intake.jpg|Airflow in the '''''EVA''' wt'' design. View from the top.
<gallery>
+
File:ETEMUcom_EVAwt8_intake_top_iso.jpg|Example of a simple constructional integration of the '''''EVA''' wt'' design with sheet material. ISO-View from the top.
File:ETEMUcom_EVAwt7_top_detailed_diagramm.jpg|Normal airflow in a VAWT at the maximum torque moment. Note the non-uniform airflow with varying surfaces as the turbine blades advance.<ref>http://etemu.com/p/evawt/ETEMUcom_EVAwt7_top_detailed_diagramm.jpg</ref>
 
File:ETEMUcom_EVAwt8_intake.jpg|Airflow in the '''''EVA''' wt'' design. View from the top.<ref>http://etemu.com/p/evawt/ETEMUcom_EVAwt8_intake.jpg</ref>
 
File:ETEMUcom_EVAwt8_intake_top_iso.jpg|Example of a simple constructional integration of the '''''EVA''' wt'' design with sheet material. ISO-View from the top.<ref>http://etemu.com/p/evawt/ETEMUcom_EVAwt8_intake_top_iso.jpg</ref>
 
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
 
=Calculations and Simulations=
 
=Calculations and Simulations=
 
[[File:Better_metric.gif|thumb|All calculations are made in the metric system. This is the logo for the Jamaica Metrication Board, which completed its work in 1996.]]
 
[[File:Better_metric.gif|thumb|All calculations are made in the metric system. This is the logo for the Jamaica Metrication Board, which completed its work in 1996.]]
All calculations are made in the ''metric'' system. Corrections and additional approaches are always welcome.
+
All calculations are made in the ''metric'' system.
  
 
Let's start with the base mount.
 
Let's start with the base mount.
As the design outlines state we won't start with a turbine greater than 4 m² due to restrictions in Europe pointed out by Detlef Schmitz. A wind surface of 4 m² equals a 2 m diameter rotor with a height of 2 m.
+
As the design outlines state we won't start with a turbine greater than 4{{nnbsp}}m² due to restrictions in Europe pointed out by Detlef Schmitz. A wind surface of 4{{nnbsp}}m² equals a 2{{nnbsp}}m diameter rotor with a height of 2{{nnbsp}}m.
  
 
:<math>F_{pole} = \frac{1}{2} \times \rho \times C_d \times A_{wind} \times v_{wind}^2</math>
 
:<math>F_{pole} = \frac{1}{2} \times \rho \times C_d \times A_{wind} \times v_{wind}^2</math>
 
    
 
    
<math>\rho</math> = Density of air = about 1.2 Kg/m³ <br />
+
<math>\rho</math> = Density of air = about 1.2{{nnbsp}}Kg/m³ <br />
 
<math>C_d</math> = Coefficient of drag = 1.0 (cylinder Re > 100) <br />
 
<math>C_d</math> = Coefficient of drag = 1.0 (cylinder Re > 100) <br />
<math>A_{wind}</math> = Area of turbine = max 4 m² <br />
+
<math>A_{wind}</math> = Area of turbine = max 4{{nnbsp}}m² <br />
 
<math>v_{wind}</math> = Wind speed in m/s
 
<math>v_{wind}</math> = Wind speed in m/s
  
<math>F(50\frac{m}{s})=\frac{1}{2} \times 1.2\frac{kg}{m^3} \times 1.0 \times 4m^2 \times 50\frac{m}{s}^2 = 6000 N</math><br />
+
<math>
<math>F(30\frac{m}{s})=2160N</math><br />
+
\begin{align}
<math>F(20\frac{m}{s})=960N</math><br />
+
F(50\frac{m}{s}) &= \frac{1}{2} \times 1.2\frac{kg}{m^3} \times 1.0 \times 4m^2 \times 50\frac{m}{s}^2 = 6000 N \\
<math>F(10\frac{m}{s})=240N</math><br />
+
F(30\frac{m}{s}) &= 2160N\\
<math>F(5\frac{m}{s})=60N</math><br />
+
F(20\frac{m}{s}) &= 960N \\
 +
F(10\frac{m}{s}) &= 240N\\
 +
F(5\frac{m}{s}) &= 60N
 +
\end{align}
 +
</math>
  
 
TODO: Leverage should be taken into account here. How to calculate the load at the bearing points?
 
TODO: Leverage should be taken into account here. How to calculate the load at the bearing points?
Zeile 251: Zeile 247:
 
|----
 
|----
 
|50-year-maximum
 
|50-year-maximum
|50 m/s
+
|50{{nnbsp}}m/s
|42,5 m/s
+
|42.5{{nnbsp}}m/s
|37,5 m/s
+
|37.5{{nnbsp}}m/s
|30 m/s
+
|30{{nnbsp}}m/s
 
|----
 
|----
 
|average wind speed
 
|average wind speed
|10 m/s
+
|10{{nnbsp}}m/s
|8,5 m/s
+
|8.5{{nnbsp}}m/s
|7,5 m/s
+
|7.5{{nnbsp}}m/s
|6 m/s
+
|6{{nnbsp}}m/s
 
|----
 
|----
 
|}
 
|}
  
Example for a classification in Germany, Berlin: The mean wind speed is classified above IEC class IV with an average value of 2.3 - 3.6 m/s at ground level <ref>equals a mast height of 10 m or below</ref> without any obstacles.
+
Example for a classification in Germany, Berlin: The mean wind speed is classified above IEC class IV with an average value of 2.3–3.6{{nnbsp}}m/s at ground level <ref>equals a mast height of 10{{nnbsp}}m or below</ref> without any obstacles.
  
IEC classes are realistic for higher wind zones, industrial wind turbines are usually mounted at >50 m. We are safe with an IEC class IV design. The design should be build for a maximum load of <math>F(30\frac{m}{s})=2160N</math>.
+
IEC classes are realistic for higher wind zones, industrial wind turbines are usually mounted at >{{nnbsp}}50&nbsp;m. We are safe with an IEC class IV design. The design should be build for a maximum load of <math>F(30\frac{m}{s})=2160N</math>.
  
 
==Estimating the power output of the VAWT==
 
==Estimating the power output of the VAWT==
Zeile 275: Zeile 271:
  
 
<math>P_{wind}</math> is the power, which is available in the wind. It is available as kinetic energy due to the moving mass of the air.<br />
 
<math>P_{wind}</math> is the power, which is available in the wind. It is available as kinetic energy due to the moving mass of the air.<br />
<math>\rho</math> = Density of air = about 1.2 Kg/m³ <br />
+
<math>\rho</math> = Density of air = about 1.2{{nnbsp}}Kg/m³ <br />
<math>A_{wind}</math> = Area of turbine = max 4 m² at a small scale turbine <br />
+
<math>A_{wind}</math> = Area of turbine = max 4{{nnbsp}}m² at a small scale turbine <br />
 
<math>v_{wind}</math> = Wind speed in m/s <br />
 
<math>v_{wind}</math> = Wind speed in m/s <br />
  
Zeile 284: Zeile 280:
  
 
:<math>P_{mech}=P_{wind} \times \rho_{turbine} </math>
 
:<math>P_{mech}=P_{wind} \times \rho_{turbine} </math>
while <br \>
+
while <br />
 
<math>
 
<math>
\rho_{simple} = 20% \\
+
\begin{align}
\rho_{decent} = 30% \\
+
\rho_{simple}     &= 20\% \\
\rho_{good} = 35% \\
+
\rho_{decent}     &= 30\% \\
\rho_{superbVAWT} = 40% \\
+
\rho_{good}       &= 35\% \\
\rho_{superbHAWT} = 50% \\
+
\rho_{superbVAWT} &= 40\% \\
\rho_{limit} = 59% \\
+
\rho_{superbHAWT} &= 50\% \\
</math><br \>
+
\rho_{limit}     &= 59\%
 +
\end{align}
 +
</math><br />
  
 
A tuned VAWT may have a best-case efficiency of 40%<ref>Can the EVAwt design yield more? Tbd!</ref>, while a simple drag-based turbine with no optimization nor special aerodynamics may have an efficiency of about 20%.
 
A tuned VAWT may have a best-case efficiency of 40%<ref>Can the EVAwt design yield more? Tbd!</ref>, while a simple drag-based turbine with no optimization nor special aerodynamics may have an efficiency of about 20%.
Zeile 303: Zeile 301:
 
* http://www.macarthurmusic.com/johnkwilson/MakingasimpleSavoniuswindturbine.htm A bit more efficient than a standard Savonius
 
* http://www.macarthurmusic.com/johnkwilson/MakingasimpleSavoniuswindturbine.htm A bit more efficient than a standard Savonius
 
* https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL212B7C0D6057AC28 youtube playlist
 
* https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL212B7C0D6057AC28 youtube playlist
 +
* https://systemausfall.org/wikis/howto/Eddy-2-Power Nice low-scale/DIY project, 1Kw H-Darrieus Rotor
  
 
====Daniel====
 
====Daniel====
Zeile 311: Zeile 310:
 
<references />
 
<references />
  
 
+
[[Category: OSEG - Bereich Technologie]]
[[Category: Wind energy]]
+
[[Category: OSEG - Windenergie]]
 +
[[Category: Energie]]
 +
[[Category: Wind]]
 +
[[Category: Turbine]]

Aktuelle Version vom 27. November 2022, 21:25 Uhr

Project-icon vawt wikithumb h400px.png

VAWT (Vertical Axis Wind Turbine)
aka TiVA (Tiny Vertical Axis wind turbine)

Description, License, Development Status
Project: Wind Turbine. Description: Development of a (tiny) vertical axis wind turbine.
Keywordswind turbine; tiny vertical axis wind turbine; TiVA; vertical axis wind turbine; VAWT
LicenseCC-BY-SA 4.0
Statusactive
Levels Achievedprototype development
Communication
Contact
Creators, Contributors
Discussion
Developers' repositoriesn.a.
Data
Avai­lable meta­data (OKH Meta-Data)n.a.

Introduction

All information is released open source and for free, for a better world and for the fun of open collaboration. (CC BY-SA-NC)

3D Model of a TiVA rotor, work in progress. Note the hollow wings, this is a hybrid lift/drag wing profile with a full load TSR[1] of 0.85.

TiVA—Tiny Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Research and development is currently concentrated onto TiVA, a tiny wind turbine prototyping platform. With this very small turbine, we can easily change parts, try out new ideas and increase the performance on a small scale in a fast and inexpensive way. Please have a look at the TiVA page for further information.

Detail of the PCB layout of the Wilssen core module. You can see the constant current sources on the left for the high brightness RGB LED. v203a (WIP)

Development of Wilssen

The Wireless / Wind Logging System for Sourcing ENergy - Controller is monitoring and controlling all parameters. Wilssen is the brain of the wind turbines (+TiVAs!) and checks all the voltages at any time the wind turbine is generating power.

Others

  • Design a mold for casting the alternator's stator
  • 3D Models and Simulation
  • Calculations for the forces at the bearing points and the mounting point
  • LED drivers, controllable constant current sources for the high power LEDs


Roadmap / Log

Safety factor at an extreme gust of wind for a Lenz2 wing coupled to a rotor base with an aluminum arm. WIP[2]

General design outlines

The wind turbine should be loosely designed according to the OSE Core Values except points 8 and 9, which demand high performance and equal to or higher than industrial efficiency [3]

In addition to the OSE Core Values, the wind turbine should be safe to operate, e.g. have a suitable safety factor in all structural calculations, proper isolation to prevent an electric shock.

Assembly height

The complete assembly of rotor and mast should not be higher than 10 m. If regional communities permit higher masts, the maximum height must not exceed 20 m, to avoid national and ICAO air traffic security issues and legal obligations to carry warning lights and report about their functionality. There are various restrictions in Germany present which depend on the size and location of a wind turbine:

Verfahrensfrei sind Windenergieanlagen bis zu einer Höhe von 10 m[4]. In Mischgebieten[5] darf nachts ein Lärmrichtwert von 45 dB(A) nicht überschritten werden[6]. Zu den Genehmigungsverfahren sei gesagt, dass die Landesbauordnung der jeweiligen Bundesländer / Kommunen unterschiedlich ist, also sollte man beim Bauamt nachfragen.

Size

We won’t start with a turbine greater than 4 m² due to restrictions in Europe pointed out by Detlef Schmitz. A wind surface of 4 m² equals a 2 m diameter rotor with a height of 2 m. Hint: In every wind condition, a 1 m diameter VAWT with a height of 4 m (4 m²) is more efficient than a 2 m × 2 m (4 m²) VAWT due to the higher rpm and better aerodynamic figures. Industrial VAWTs aim for a large height, not for a large diameter.




We want to design a rather small VAWT with TiVA, resulting in the following advantages:

+ / – Comment
+ DIY! People should be able to build them! → KISS principle
+ less moving parts
+ does not necessarily have to be elevated, can stand on the ground
+ collects wind from every direction: no need for a directional control (+less mechanics, electronics)
+ has a smaller footprint
+ easier to design
+ way more easy to build
+ does not need a variable pitch control for high wind speed/ high power designs
+ uses cheaper materials, less bearings and axles, less machining operations
+ maintenance is easier, as the generator is on the ground, no need for a lift or a breakdown of the turbine head
+ a modular design is possible in a certain range (e.g. building it higher/longer in any direction)
+ does not necessarily need moldings or 3D shapes like sophisticated VAWT turbine blades
lower rpm at the same rotor diameter, at the same wind surface area due to the partly reversed draft of the wings but:
+ can have a small diameter but a rather large height, thus more torque and more rpm

Main disadvantage against a horizontal axis wind turbine:

less power output compared to a sophisticated HAWT design if wind direction does not change often and turbulence is low

The small form factor alone yields the following advantages next to being diy-friendly:

+ / – Comment
+ easier maintenance
+ mobility, less weight
+ smaller impact on the environment/nature
+ lower system voltage and lower currents, less risky to operate
+ a smaller power rating results in a less complicated generator and inverter design
+ batteries can be charged quick & dirty with a simple charging circuit from a small wind turbine, which would not be possible with a high power wind turbine

Specialties about distributed energy sourcing with small wind turbines:

+ / – Comment
(tbd) Multiple smaller wind turbines may have more physical weight per sourced energy (kg/kW) versus one large one.
requires an additional electrical infrastructure between multiple smaller wind turbines versus one large one → more cables and balancing (electronics)
+ the grid can be laid out in such a way, that the turbines can be placed where the energy is needed the most, resulting in smaller run lengths of power cables and less power losses.
+ the small turbines can easily be moved to an area with a higher wind speed. This is interesting when it comes to structural or seasonal changes of the wind, e.g. when the trees grow leaves and form a barrier which decreases the ground wind speed or they form an alley/a tunnel which increases the wind speed, one may move the wind turbine to gain from the new environment.

Simply said, it is more flexible to use many small turbines versus one large one. If a larger energy source is required, we connect multiple wind turbines in a local grid → distributed energy sourcing, a 'wind farm' consisting of VAWTs:

A VAWT testing space
The Caltech Field Laboratory for Optimized Wind Energy where arrays of closely spaced vertical axis wind turbines were tested.

Dabiri carried out field tests in the summer of 2010 at an experimental farm known as the Field Laboratory for Optimized Wind Energy (FLOWE), which houses 24 10-meter-tall, 1.2-meter-wide VAWTs. In the field tests, which used six VAWTs, Dabiri and his colleagues measured the rotational speed and power generated by each of the turbines when placed in a number of different configurations. One turbine was kept in a fixed position for every configuration, while the others were on portable footings that allowed them to be shifted around.

They found that the aerodynamic interference between neighboring turbines was completely eliminated when all the turbines in an array were spaced four turbine diameters (roughly five meters or 16 feet) apart. In comparison, propeller-style HAWTs would need to be spaced 20 rotor diameters apart - which equates to a distance of more than one mile for the largest wind turbines currently in use - for the aerodynamic interference to be eliminated.

The six VAWTs generated from 21 to 47 watts of power per square meter of land area, while a comparably sized HAWT farm generates just two to three watts per square meter. See video and reference. [7]

How does the wind turbine generate energy?

The energy is in the wind due to it's speed/local pressure differences. A wind turbine converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. The VAWT yields energy as kinetic energy from the wind is absorbed by rotating wings. Wind is made up of moving air molecules which have mass - though not a lot. Any moving object with mass carries kinetic energy in an amount which is given by the equation[8]:

Kinetic Energy = 0.5 × Mass × Velocity²

where the mass is measured in kg, the velocity in m/s, and the energy is given in joules.

Air has a known density (around 1.23 kg/m³ at sea level), so the mass of air hitting our wind turbine (which sweeps a known area) each second is given by the following equation:

Mass/sec (kg/s) = Velocity (m/s) × Area (m²) × Density (kg/m³)

And therefore, the power (i.e. energy per second) in the wind hitting a wind turbine with a certain swept area is given by simply inserting the mass per second calculation into the standard kinetic energy equation given above resulting in the following vital equation:

Power = 0.5 × Swept Area × Air Density × Velocity³

where Power is given in Watts (i.e. joules/second), the swept area in square meters, the Air density in kilograms per cubic meter, and the Velocity in meters per second.


A sketched 3D ISO view of a simplified VAWT wind energy diagram. Full size view recommended. Note: Pictured is a drag-only rotor, but our intention is to design a lift-rotor, as it has a higher tip speed ratio and revolves faster.
A sketched 3D ISO view of a simplified VAWT wind energy diagram. Full size view recommended. Note: Pictured is a drag-only rotor, but our intention is to design a lift-rotor, as it has a higher tip speed ratio and revolves faster.

A lift-type VAWT generates lift at almost the full 360 degree rotation, as long as you have a TSR[9] >> 1 (TSR=Tip Speed Ratio), i.e when the blades are moving faster than the wind is moving. This lift principle is why airplanes fly. Depending on the operating speed and wind speed, the blades will actually be in stall for differing segments of the rotation, and hence not much lift, or at least a minimal amount compared to the drag, which slows the turbine down to a TSR < 1. This occurs when the angle of attack (for a static blade!) is at a certain point, let's say about 15 degrees. The following video shows aerodynamic stall, investigated on a 2D wing profile through air velocity, pressure, and turbulence intensity.

http://youtu.be/Ti5zUD08w5s

However, the dynamic stall characteristics are significantly different though, and since the angle of attack for a Darrieus turbine with lift airfoils is constantly changing, dynamic stall is much more important. For us, this is still rocket science and can't be measured. It has to be simulated with CFD/FEA and we hope to have some results about various wing types soon as Achmed from OSE Germany is working on a simulation with OpenFoam, an Open Source CFD program for Linux.

A drag type VAWT has always a TSR <1, and the blades capture energy for more or less 180 degrees, the blades fight the wind the other 180 degrees.

EVA wind turbine

Example of an EVA wind turbine design, ISO view of the top end. Note the wing at the front and the tail rudder.[10]

The Enhanced Vertical Axis Wind Turbine idea incorporates an intake manifold at the front which is always facing the direction where the strongest wind is coming from. The main disadvantage of the VAWT against a HAWT is reduced: There is no attacking wind which will work against the natural, clockwise rotation of the VAWT. This may result in an increased overall efficiency.

+ / – Comment
+ No wind is working 'against' the turbine, contrary to a standard VAWT, where half of the turbine is exposed to wind which flows into the 'wrong' direction
+ The wind speed right at the turbine intake is increased [11]
+ (tbd) less oscillating forces, the wind flow is about unidirectional at the turbine: less vibrations and less wear at the rotating parts, more static and less dynamic thrust at the bearings, less torque ripple and cyclical stress.
More material is used for the construction of an EVA wt: two bearings, arms and static wings. However, these additional parts are not difficult to manufacture, as the surfaces are all plane.

Calculations and Simulations

All calculations are made in the metric system. This is the logo for the Jamaica Metrication Board, which completed its work in 1996.

All calculations are made in the metric system.

Let's start with the base mount. As the design outlines state we won't start with a turbine greater than 4 m² due to restrictions in Europe pointed out by Detlef Schmitz. A wind surface of 4 m² equals a 2 m diameter rotor with a height of 2 m.

= Density of air = about 1.2 Kg/m³
= Coefficient of drag = 1.0 (cylinder Re > 100)
= Area of turbine = max 4 m²
= Wind speed in m/s

TODO: Leverage should be taken into account here. How to calculate the load at the bearing points?

TODO: Consider serious safety factor for robustness and against oscillations.


Maximum wind speed the turbine has to withstand:

IEC wind class I II III IV
50-year-maximum 50 m/s 42.5 m/s 37.5 m/s 30 m/s
average wind speed 10 m/s 8.5 m/s 7.5 m/s 6 m/s

Example for a classification in Germany, Berlin: The mean wind speed is classified above IEC class IV with an average value of 2.3–3.6 m/s at ground level [12] without any obstacles.

IEC classes are realistic for higher wind zones, industrial wind turbines are usually mounted at > 50 m. We are safe with an IEC class IV design. The design should be build for a maximum load of .

Estimating the power output of the VAWT

Power available in the wind:

is the power, which is available in the wind. It is available as kinetic energy due to the moving mass of the air.
= Density of air = about 1.2 Kg/m³
= Area of turbine = max 4 m² at a small scale turbine
= Wind speed in m/s

Power available from the turbine:

This is the estimated mechanical wind power conversion.

while

A tuned VAWT may have a best-case efficiency of 40%[13], while a simple drag-based turbine with no optimization nor special aerodynamics may have an efficiency of about 20%.

Other links

Daniel

Sources

  1. Tip Speed Ratio
  2. work in progress
  3. OSE Core Values points 8 and 9 demand a high performance and equal to or higher than industrial efficiency but the efficiency of a highly sophisticated industrial, FEA designed and airflow-simulated, wind tunnel tested model can't be matched by a diy design.
  4. Nummer 22 des Anhangs zu Paragraph 50 Abs. 1 LBO
  5. Mischgebiet bedeutet gleichwertige Wohn- und Gewerbenutzung
  6. Auszug Windfibel Baden-Württemberg
  7. http://www.gizmag.com/optimizing-wind-turbine-placement/19217/
  8. http://www.reuk.co.uk/Calculation-of-Wind-Power.htm
  9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip-speed_ratio
  10. http://etemu.com/p/evawt/ETEMUcom_EVAwt6_iso.jpg
  11. The deflection at the front adds up two "surfaces" of wind. However, the resulting wind speed won't change drastically.
  12. equals a mast height of 10 m or below
  13. Can the EVAwt design yield more? Tbd!